Page 72 - Oxford_English_Grammar_Course_Basic_2015
P. 72
SECTION 5 perfect tenses !
"
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grammar summary "
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
" "
has
have
PERFECT
1
1
PRESENT
she
PRESENT
have
has
(SIMPLE) PRESENT PERFECT : : : : 1 have worked, she has worked, he hasn't worked etc N
(SIMPLE) PRESENT PERFECT 1 have worked, she has worked, he hasn't worked etc
(SIMPLE)
hasn't
worked
worked
hasn't
PERFECT
he
%-
have
has
been
has
1
1
have
been
been
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: 1 have been working, he has been working etc
PRESENT
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE:
PROGRESSIVE:
PERFECT
he
been
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: 1 have been working, he has been working L
PERFECT
PERFECT
PERFECT
:
:
:
:
l
she
she
had
had
had
P P
AST
AST
worked
PAST PERFECT l had worked, she had worked etc ! )
& -
We
We use the talk about
use
use
We use the present perfect to talk about past actions with some importance now.
talk
John,
John,
what's
I've written to John, so he knows what's happening.
to
I've
I've
John,
written
written
written
to
happening.
what's
he
knows
knows
knows
he
what's
so
so
he
so
to
say
mostly
We use the mostly to say how
We use the present perfect progressive mostly to say how long things have been going on up to now.
We
use
use
since
since
letters
letters
letters
since
1 have
1 have been writing letters since breakfast time.
time.
have
have
breakfast
been
been
been
breakfast
breakfast
writing
writing
writing
talk
the
about
already
are
talk
are
already
already
When we are already talking about the past, we use the past perfect to talk about an earlier time.
use
talking
use
Kate
Germany
Kate
esterday
Kate
me
that
me
that
that
me
to
written
written
had
had
written
had
to
to
Y Y
esterday
Yesterday 1 found some old letters that Kate had written to me from Germany. .
letters
some
some
letters
some
letters
1
old
old
1
1
old
from
from
found
from
found
found
T
S
A
T
R
S
R
C
A
NN
Rs
NN C A R S T A ! Rs was
A
C
NN CARSTA!Rs was born in 1976. she is an
A
travelled
Aexplorer who has travelled extensively in
has
has
Asia
Asia and Africa. she has also participated in
Asia and
and
expeditions to the North and south Poles and
Poles
Poles
she has
she has climbed in the Andes and Himalayas.
she
For
For the last five years, Ann has been working
For the
Polar
Research.
Polar
for the National Institute for Polar Research. she
has
has written
has written four books about her experiences.
s
ISABELLA LUCY BIRD (1831-1904) was a
s
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the United States, Persia, China, Japan, Korea
and Morocco. She wrote many books about her
experiences,
experiences, illustrated with her own remarkable
experiences,
Photographs.
Photographs.
He's not here.
He's gone Look what I've found! Who's taken my coat?
He's
He's gone to Paris.
I've made a cake. H a v e you ever been I've just had a brilliant idea.
a
cake.
a
some?
some?
Would you like some? t t o o Canada?
e
The Prime Minister has met t
has
has
m
read
read
I've
I've already read it. She's been here since Monday. workers' representatives. They
I've already read it.
already
already
discussed a number of questions.
o
number
number
f
I've been studying English Nobody was there. 1 knew I'd seen her
was
there.
was
knew
1 1
for three years. T h e y had all gone home.
somewhere before.
PERFECT TENSES 57
PERFECT TENSES 57
PERFECT
TENSES
TENSES
